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Land Trusts in all 50 US States
| Trustee: | |||||||
| LAND TRUST | Legal Relation between | Trust could be | Duties expressed in the instrument which may be necessary to | ||||
| created or recognized by | Trustee and Beneficiary | Destroyed by: | avoid execution by the statute of uses: | ||||
| Specific “land trust” statute | Execution under the statute of uses | ||||||
| STATE: | Other Method | Trustee | Beneficiary | Imposed by statute: | Suggested by case law: | ||
| Alabama 8 |
No | 5, 6, 7 | Ala. Code § 35-4-250 | Ala. Code § 35-4-251: power and duty to manage the trust property | Morgan County National Bank of Decatur v. Nelson, 244 Ala. 374, 13 So.2d 765 (1943); Nixon v. Nixon, 245 Ala. 43, 15 So.2d 561 (1943) | ||
| Alaska 9 |
No | No cases deal directly with land trusts nor do any Alaska statute address | |||||
| Arizona 8, 9 |
No | Quasi Land Trust-subdivision Trust Lane Title and Trust Co. v. Brannon, 103 Ariz. 272, 440 P.2d 105 (1965) | Legal and Equitable Title (owns the real property) Lane Title | Lane Title and Trust Co. v. Brannon, 103 Ariz. 272, 440 P.2d 105 (1965) | Lane Title and Trust Co. v. Brannon, 103 Ariz. 272, 440 P.2d 105 (1968) | ||
| Arkansas 8 |
No | Randolph v. Read, 129 Ark. 485, 196 S.W. 133 (1917) | Roane v. Rivers, 15 Ark. 328 (1854) | Randolph v. Read, 129 Ark. 485, 196 S.W. 133 (1917), Murray v. Hale, 203 F. Supp. 584 (E.D. W.D. 1962) | |||
| California | No | In re Tutules Estate, 204 Ca.2d 481, 22 Cal. Rptr. 427 (1962) | Legal and Equitable Title; In re Tutules Estate 3, 4, 5, 6 |
Statute of uses is not in effect;
In re Tutules Estate Case involves trust created in Illinois to hold Illinois real property |
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| Colorado 9 |
No | O’Reilly v. Ballowill, 133 Colo. 474, 297 P.2d 263 (1956); Ritter v. Empire Savings, 29 Colo. App. 124, 479 P.2d 685 (1970) | |||||
| FOOTNOTES 1. No other duties required 2. Hold Equitable title as well as legal title 3. Duty to convey property at request of beneficiary 4. Duty to sell property at expiration of trust 5. Duty to exercise discretion in management of property 6. Duty to collect rents and profits from property |
7. Duty to take possesion of trust property 8. Any of the active duties indicated will be sufficient to sustain the trust 9. Law of state unsettled 10. The trustee has certain statutorily imposed duties, not required for the validity of the trust, which the trustor, by language in the trust document, may relieve the trustee from performing 11. There is also a duty to preserve the trust property 12. Trustee has duty to do something else in addition to holding legal title and taking possession of trust property |
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| Connecticut | Recognizes statute under Common Law; Bryan v. Bradley, 16 Conn. 174; all Connecticut trusts must be active | ||||||
| Delaware 8, 9 |
No | 4, 5, 6 | Houston v. Houston, 20 Cal. Ch. 1, 175 A. 51 (1922); 25 Del. Code Ann. Deeds § 101 | Doe v. Lank, Del. Super. 4 Houst. 649 (1874) Nickson v. Filtrol Corp., 262 A.2d 267 (Del. Ch. 1970) Marvel v. Wilmington Trust Co., 10 Del. Ch. 163, 87 A. 1014 (1913) Duty to manage property | |||
| Fla. Stat. § 689.071 | Legal and Equitable Title, “Full Rights of Ownership” Fla. Stat. § 689.071 (1) | Statutes of uses was adopted, Fla. Stat. § 2.01, and applied to deeds in § 689.09.But see protective provisions of § 689.071(1) and (4), and Gramer v. Ramos, 174 So. 2d 443 (Fla. 2d DCA 1965) | Power
to either: (1) protect, conserve/and to sell, or (2) to lease or to encumber, or otherwise to manage and dispose of the real property |
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| Georgia 8 |
No | Ga. Code Ann. § 53-12-50 and § 53-12-51 | 5, 6, 7 | Ga. Code Ann. § 53-12-4 and 5 | Ga. Code Ann. §
53-12-51 (1) Some active duty to perform in or about the trust property, or (2) the management or control of the same |
Odum v. Henry, 254 Ga. 739, 334 S.E.2d 304 (1985), implying active duties | |
| Hawaii | Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 558 “Land Trust Act” | Legal and
Equitable Title Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 558-4 2 |
No: Rev. Stat. § 558-4 | Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 558-4 Trust valid even though duties imposed upon Trustee are not stated | |||
| Idaho | IC 68-1301 through 68-1322; IC 68-104, 105, 106, Garner v. Andreason, 96 Idaho 306, 527 p 2d 1264 | 5, 6, 7 | |||||
| Illinois | No | Robinson v. Chicago Nat'l Bank, 176 NE 2d 659 (Ill. 1961) | Legal
and Equitable Title; In Re Estate of McGaughey, 60 Ill. App. 3d 150; 376 NE 2d 259 (1978) 2, 3, 4 |
Power to direct, control Trustee on title and operations; 765 ILCS 435/15 | Not Applicable.Chicago Federal Savings and Loan Association v. Cacciatore, 25 Ill. 2d 535, 185 NE 2d 992 (1962) | Expressed duty to sell and execute instruments, Crow v. Crow, 348 Ill. 241, 180 N.E. 877 (1932); Chicago Title & Trust Co. v. Mercantile Trust & Savings Bank, 300 Ill. App. 329, 20 N.E.2d 992 (1939) | |
| Indiana | Ind. Code §§ 30-4-2-13, 30-4-2-14 | Legal Title by Implication Ind.
Code § 30-4-2-14 3 |
Ind. Code § 30-4-2-9 | Ind. Code § 30-4-2-13 (1) Trustee may sell the trust property on direction, or (2) Trustee may sell property after period of time specified |
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| Iowa | No | ||||||
| Kansas | No | 4, 5 | Kan. Stat. Ann. § 58-2413 | K.S.A. § 58-2413 | |||
| Kentucky | No | 5, 6, 7 | Commissioner v. Louisville Public Library, 151 Ky. 420, 152 S.W. 262 (1913); Ky. Rev. Stat. § 381.060(2); Arnold v. Barber, 472 S.W.2d 466 (1971) | Winn v. William, 292 Ky. 44; 165
S.W.2d 961 (Ky. App. 1942) Combs v. Combs, 292 Ky. 445, 166 S.W.2d 969 (Ky.
App. 1942) Kentucky does not appear to recognize land trust |
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| Louisiana 9 |
No | 5, 6, 7 | Lousiana Trust Code 9-1721-2252; 1731, 9-2061-66; 9-2091, 9-2118 | St. Charles Land Trust v. St. Amant, 253 La. 243, 217 So. 2d 385 (1968) | |||
| Maine 9 |
No | Hinds v. Hinds, 126 Me. 521, 140 A. 189 (1928); Dixon v. Dixon, 123 Me. 470, 124 A. 198 (1924) | 33 M.R.S.A. Section 851; 18 M.R.S.A. 1201 (45) 7-101 | Dixon v. Dixon, 123 Me. 470, 124 A. 198 (1924) | |||
| Maryland 9 |
No | 5 | Md. Code Ann. § 2-116 Applies to both real and personal property |
Md. Code Ann. § 2-116 Statute requires at least "express power" of disposition or management) |
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| Massachusetts | No | 3 | Rothwell v. Rothwell, 283 Mass. 563, 186 N.E. 662 (1933). Also see M.G.L.A. Ch. 183 § 14 | New England Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Grant, 56 F.Supp. 192 (1944); Rothwell v. Rothwell, 283 Mass. 563, 186 N.E. 662 (1933) | |||
| Michigan 9 |
No | 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 | Abolition of uses MCLA § 555.1; Recognition of Legal Estates MCLA § 555.2; MCLA § 555.5 which executes passive trusts | MCLA § 555.4 requires some statement of powers | |||
| Minnesota | No | Vested with Legal and Equitable M.S.A. § 501.7 | May Enforce Trust M.S.A. § 501.17 | Abolition of uses M.S.A. § 501.01 Recognition of Legal Estates M.S.A. § 501.02 | |||
| Mississippi | No | 5, 6, 7 | Leigh v. Harrison, 11 So. 604 (1892) | Miss. Code Annotated Section 91-9-1, 89-1-43 | Leigh v. Harrison, 11 So. 604 (1892) | ||
| Missiouri | No | 1 | Passive Trust of Real Property executed by St. Uses Mo. Rev. Stat. § 456.020 as to personalty: Farkas v. Calamia, 373 S.W.2d 1 (Mo. 1963) – executed by analogy | ||||
| Montana 9, 12 |
No with Qualifications | But see Mont. Code Ann. §§ 72-36-206, 101, et seq. “Trusts in Relation to Real Property” | Trustee fully vested Mont. Code
Ann. § 72-36-206; 72-34-10 12 |
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| Nebraska 8 |
No | Hill v. Hill, 90 Neb. 43, 132 N.W. 738 (1911) | Lancaster County Bank v. Marshal, 264 N.W. 470 (Neb. 1936); Beals v. Coughwell, 299 N.W. 638 (1941); Jones v. Shrigley, 33 N.W. 2d 510; Active v. Passive Wills, 681(2) | ||||
| Nevada 9 |
No | ||||||
| New
Hampshire 9 |
No | Part of Common Law: Rollins v. Riley, 44 N.H. 9 (1862) | R.S.A. 447:25 | ||||
| New Jersey | No | 4 | Skovberg v. Smith, 3 N.J. Super. 424, 72 A.2d 911 (1950); Speth v. Speth, 8 N.J. Super. 587, 74 A.2d 344 (1950) N.J. Stat. Ann. § 46: 3-9 | Speth v. Speth, R.E. Management, Sales Distribution of proceeds | |||
| New Mexico | No | 5 | NMSA § 47-2-1, et seq. | ||||
| New York | No | 5, 6, 7, 12 | N.Y. EPTL § 7-1.2 | Possible Suggestion From: Cutler v. Winberry, 160 N.Y.S. 712 (1916) Duty to collect rents and profits of the real estate | |||
| North
Carolina 8, 9 |
No | 1 | N.C. Gen. Stat. § 41-7 Wachovia Bank and Trust Co. v. Taylor, 255 N.C. 122, 120 S.E.2d 588 (1961) | Fisher v. Fisher, 218 N.C. 42, 9 S.E.2d 493 (1940); Security Nat’l Bank v. Starnberger, 207 N.C. 811, 178 S.E. 595 (1935) | |||
| North Dakota | N.D. Cent. Code § 59-03-02 | Legal and Equitable Title § 59-03-14 | Only a Right to Enforce § 59-03-14 | § 59-03-04, but see § 59-03-02 | Power to dispose or manage: § 59-03-06 | ||
| Ohio | No | 1 | Ternansky v. Rabatin, 141 N.E.2d 189 (Ohio App. 1957) Determining Trust as Active | Knecht v. George, 69 N.E.2d 228 (Ohio App. 1943) | |||
| Oklahoma 9, 10 |
No | 1 | Okla. Stat. Ann. Tit. 60 §§ 132, 175.4 | ||||
| Oregon 8, 9 |
No | 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 | Lee v. Malone, 10 Or. App. 30 527 P.2d 414 (1974); Closset v. Burtchaell, 112 Or. 685, 230 P. 554 (1924); Lent v. Title and Trust Co. of Portland, 137 Or. 511 3 P. 2d 755 (1931) | ||||
| Pennsylvania 8 |
No | 5, 6 | Eaves v. Snyder, 84 A.2d 195 (Pa. 1951) In Re Decker’s Est., 46 A.2d 218 (Pa. 1946) (Ruling on Dry Trust) | Must have more than Duty to Convey to Benes on Demand; Sheridan v. Coughlin, 352 Pa. 226, 42 A.2d 618 (Pa. 1945); In Re Sheasley’s Trust, 77 A.2d 448 (Pa. 1951) | |||
| Rhode Island | No | 3 | Matteson v. Brown, 33 R.I. 339, 80 A.133 (1911) Koehne v. Beattie, 36 R.I. 316, 90 A.211 (1914) | ||||
| South Carolina | No | 3 | S.C. Code Ann. § 62-7-107; Under former S.C. Code Ann. § 21-27-70 | Ramage v. Ramage, 283 S.C. 239, 322 S.E. 2nd 22 (Ct. App. 1984) | |||
| South
Dakota 8, 9 |
No | S.D. Codified Laws Annotated § 43-10-14.See generally § 43-10 Real Property Trusts | 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 | S.D. Codified Laws Ann. § 43-10-16 | S.D. Codified Laws Ann. §§ 43-10-7 through 11 | ||
| Tennessee 8 |
No | Tennessee does not recognize land trusts. Kelly v. Schwartz, 740 S.W. 2nd 719 (1987) | 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 | Linder v. Officer, 175 Tenn. 402, 135 S.W.2d 445 (1940) | Linder v. Officer, 175 Tenn. 402, 135 S.W.2d 445 (1940). | ||
| Texas 8 |
No | Tax. Prop. Code Ann. § 112.032 | VTCA Trust Code Secs. 101.001, 112.001, 112.004, 112.032, 112.033, 113.056, 114.081, 114.082, 114.0821 | ||||
| Utah 9 |
No | Schenck v. Wicks, 23 Utah 576, 65 P.732 (1901) Recognizes statute | |||||
| Vermont 8, 9 |
No | 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 | No; State never adopted statute of uses; Blair v. Blair, 111 Vt. 53; 10 A.2d 188 (1940) | ||||
| Virginia | Va. Code § 55-17.1 Burns v. Equitable Associates, 220 Va. 1020, 265 S.E.2d 737 (1980) | 1 | § 55-17.1 | No duties need be specified: § 55-17.1 | |||
| Washington | No | 4, 5, 6, 7 | Welch v. Northern Bank & Trust, 170 P. 1029 (Wash. 1918) | Welch v. Northern Bank & Trust, 170 P. 1029 (Wash. 1918); Teizel v. Valley, 1 Wash. App. 863, 466 P. 2d 169 (1970); Townsend v. Rainier Nat'l Bank, 51 Wash. App. 19, 751 P. 2d 1214 (1988) | |||
| West Virginia | No | 5 | W. Va. § 36-1-17 | Active vs. Passive Determination: Rogerson v. Wheeling Dollar Savings & Tr. Co., 222 S.E.2d 816 (W. Va. App. 1976) | |||
| Wisconsin 8 |
No | 1 | Wis. Stat. Ann. § 701.03 | Wis. Stat. Ann. § 701.03 | Kinzer v. Bidwell, 55 Wis. 2d 749, 201 N.W.2d 9 (1972) | ||
| Wyoming 12 |
No | 5, 6, 7 | Wyoming Statutes Secs. 2-3-301 to 2-3-304 and 4-8-101 to 4-8-109 | ||||